Reconstructing The Family: The Industrial Revolution and the Sociology of the Christian Family

Evangelical Christianity has never come to grips with the massive sociological changes resulting from the Industrial Revolution. Until that time, agrarian culture and values undergirded Biblical concepts of the family. However, mechanization, immigration, urbanization and rapid transportation radically transformed the entire Western world. If we are not aware of its sociological impact on the family, we have no objective basis to evaluate the changes that resulted. There is a real danger that we will accommodate ourselves to prevailing cultural norms, rather than Biblical ones. And hence, the Christian family becomes salt that has lost is savor.

Pre-Industrial Revolution

Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in small communities. The same families lived in the same locales for generations, since the family was tied to the land. Mom and Dad usually came from the same community and therefore shared a common cultural background, values and sense of identity. Children were an asset; every extra pair of hands meant the farm could produce more food (or the craftsman more products). Mom's domestic skills, baking, cooking, sewing, etc., were desperately needed in the home. Children worked closely with their parents from a young age. Dad worked with the sons in the fields (or at his craft), Mom with the daughters in the house. Children learned not only skills, but character and values at the same time. Work, recreation, religion, and welfare were all family oriented and contributed to a sense of identity and belonging. Children had both economic as well as social incentive to maintain close family ties. They inherited the land, expanding the family's economic basis. The extended family assisted during emergencies. The sociological background therefore reinforced Biblical family values.

The Industrial Revolution

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, modern industries required centralized locations and large numbers of workers with new skills. Young people fled the security of small town life for the promise of a better economic future in the cities. Initially, working conditions were harsh, living conditions worse, and the normal social supports unavailable. Alcohol was often the only solace to a bitter life. Christians found that they did not have churches and pastors in the right places. Presbyterians in particular suffered from a devastating lack of pastors for most of the nineteenth century. Thus, as the population became urbanized, it also became increasingly secularized generation by generation.

The economic benefits of mass production and cheap transportation eventually greatly benefited the family materially, but not spiritually. Specialization allowed a greater variety of goods and services. Mechanization and mass production allowed the average citizen to purchase products more cheaply than ever before. Yet the underlying effect was to create a materialistic, consumer oriented society, a society that emphasized fast-paced, instant gratification.

These changes in culture undermined and destroyed the sociological foundations that had held the family together from antiquity. Industrialism meant that a man no longer necessarily followed his father's trade. New industries required new skills and a son could often improve his economic status simply by learning those skills, skills he did not learn from his father. As agriculture became increasingly mechanized, fewer workers were required, a situation not only fueling the exodus to the cities, but also removing the economic incentive for large families. Children now became an economic liability. Rather than having more workers, a large family simply meant more mouths to feed and more children to educate in the specialized school systems.

In a similar way, mechanization removed much of the woman's traditional work, making her almost unnecessary in the home. By the twentieth century, women found themselves bored and feeling useless since housework was no longer challenging or fulfilling. Technology also eliminated the traditional distinctions between men and women's work. By World War II enormous numbers of women entered the work force in the defense industry. Technology allowed women to work in factories doing the same work as men (for lower wages, which then became the moral justification for feminism). Women then became competitors with men for the same jobs.

Increased transportation meant that children could and did move further away from their families in search for economic improvement. This broke down traditional communities and left the nuclear family bereft of the traditional support system. Consequently, one's identity was now less dependent on one's family or community than on one's possessions or sense of self-fulfillment.

Furthermore, the greater plurality of options meant decreasing commitment to any one option. For example, in small communities, there might be only a few possible life mates for a young person. In the new urban areas, there might be hundreds. The extended time required to acquire economic skills also meant that young people put off marriage much longer than before. These two dynamics, fueled with material prosperity, resulted in “dating” replacing courtship as a means of finding a life mate. Young people had more time, more opportunity, and more alternatives. They also had less commitment to their chosen partner (after all, there were always other options available If this one didn't work out). When connected with the humanistic ideal that the highest good is the self, widespread divorce became inevitable.

As the family fragmented, the state was quick to fill the gap with state education, welfare community “services,” etc. Public education in removing young children from the home and influences of the family, undermined traditional family relationships. Individualism was reinforced by the new humanistic Enlightenment philosophies which were the operating methodology of the state schools.

In all this, the church badly fumbled. Rather than influencing culture, we allowed ourselves to be influenced by it. American Christians eagerly grabbed at the promise of the “good life.” We sacrificed our families at the altar of a growing economy, good jobs, career progression and a house in the suburbs stuffed with toys. The Industrial Revolution was accompanied by the rise of antinomian and Arminian theology. Both heresies focused on the individual because both had no concept of covenantal living. Thus Christians were hit with a one-two punch of deviant theology and a changing society. We've been staggering around the ring ever since.

The Plight of the Modern Christian Family

The modern American Christian family now too often looks something like this. Mom and Dad come from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds with no sense of their cultural history. They may also come from completely different parts of the country. Consequently, they often have divergent goals, interests, expectations etc., except for a common commitment to self- fulfillment.

In college (or wherever), they met, “fell in love” and decided to get married. Because of large college debts, Mom goes back to work after the honeymoon, trying to recapture some of the massive investment her education required. After several years of increased consumer debt. Mom and Dad decide to have a family. But they cannot afford to have very many children. As soon as possible, Mom needs to go back to work to keep their affluent, debt-ridden, lifestyle going. As the children grow up, they are immediately sent into the public school system; Christian schooling is too expensive and home schooling too difficult. Time with the family is severely limited due to Dad's career, Mom's work and the myriad recreational activities the children are enrolled in. Quality time is defined as everyone's watching the same program on TV.

Church offers no respite. The children are carefully separated from the family as soon as possible and given mindless entertainment in various youth activities. Children develop their core values from school, television, friends and the other kids at church (hence what bad habits they don't learn on their own, their peers will soon teach them). Since the culture emphasizes personal gratification, a significant number of children will become involved in premarital sex, drug abuse, indolence, etc., much of which they will carefully hide from their parents. Many of these children will drop out of Christianity before 25. Mom and Dad will be tickled pink if their children stay off drugs, go to college and get a good-paying job. They will be ecstatic if their kids marry a nominal Christian, show up for church (but probably not theirs) a dozen times a year, and do not formally renounce the Faith.

Meanwhile, Mom and Dad are frustrated with each other and adultery or deviant sexuality is a real possibility. Dad abdicates the running of the family to Mom (he's too busy playing with his remote control). Mom wants a strong husband but has no model of godly submission. Secularized culture has given her totally unrealistic expectations of what it means to be a woman (she's to be a career-minded girl, who is a super mom to the kids and a sex goddess to her husband, all the while finding her sense of identity by discovering her real self). She's frustrated, often hitter, and slanders her husband at women's Bible studies.

If the family is really “spiritual,” they become church fanatics, serving on endless (and mindless) committees, “religiously” attending activities, social groups etc. The family goes further into debt to get their kids through college. When the kids grow up, they usually move away from home (which isn't really a consideration) and immediately amass considerable consumer debt of their own. Meanwhile, Mom and Dad have to invest an enormous amount for their retirement so at 65 they can drive around the country in a Winnebago visiting the grandchildren. When they die, they leave little inheritance to their children, comforting themselves by thinking, “Well, money always ruins kids, let them work for it just as we did.” And the cycle starts all over again.

But with each turn of the wheel, the commitment of the individual to anything except his own pleasure grows less and less. The individual Christian is often frustrated, alienated and tries to find satisfaction in either work or hobbies. Children are increasingly seen as an “experience” rather than as a duty to fill the earth and subdue it. Life is fractured and divided. Where one works has nothing to do with where one lives or goes to church. The church itself is simply another social club, with the membership changing annually. There is therefore a dearth of significant and meaningful relationships. Women are frustrated at their men who live increasingly irresponsibly outside their jobs. Women run both the home and church. Divorced from any significant, lasting human relationships, American Christians end up just like their unregenerate neighbors, living a self-absorbed, self-indulgent lifestyle, moderated only by the thinnest veneer of Biblical morality.

And the root problem is the loss of the Biblical family. A sub-biblical family means that individual Christians do not grow in the fundamental character qualities to make effective leaders. The church weakens, producing even less effective Christians, who in turn are more and more influenced by the world, rather than influencing it.

A Solution

A comprehensive Biblical worldview gives us a divine perspective from which to critique sociological changes and offer valid Biblical alternatives. Thus, reconstructing the nation begins with reconstructing the family from the perspective of God's Law. The reconstructed family provides warriors for the battle, leaders for the church, theologians and pastors who can uncompromisingly preach against the evils of this age. The family, as Dr. Rushdoony has pointed out, is man's first school, state and church. Therefore, reconstructing the family requires we draw our model, not from contemporary culture, but from Scripture.

Allow me to offer some practical suggestions as to how the American family could be reconstructed according to Biblical norms. Not everyone will agree with my recommendations. But this is a start to redefine the Christian family in opposition to modern culture.

Some Suggestions for Reconstructing the Family

Large families are good, even If the economic incentives no longer exist. Large families are one of the keys to dominion: “be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth and subdue it” (Gen. 1:26- 27). Each godly child is another warrior for the Kingdom (cf. Ps. 127:3-5). Therefore, normally speaking, Christians should have as many children as God provides.

Husbands must be the heads of their family. Head means authority. Fathers must take responsibility to lead their families (cf. Eph. 5:23). Men need to put away their toys and start acting responsibly, utilizing the resources of the family for the Kingdom.

Vocation must replace career in our thinking. A vocation is God's divine call on a man's labor. Diligent labor will be honored by God. However, careers are artificial attempts to meet manmade standards for success. Hence, some good “career” moves may have to be turned down, If the unity and solidity of the family is put at risk (Mk. 10:29-30).

Families must assume personal responsibility for the education of their children. Regardless of whether one sends the children to private Christian schools or home-schools, education is the family's responsibility. Furthermore, the father stands accountable before God for it, even If Mom is the one who does it. Fathers must teach their children God's Law. Nothing else is as important to the welfare of the family as this task (Dt. 6:6ff). Dominion starts with Dad leading the family in daily worship.

In spite of the humanistic feminization of modern culture, wives need to learn how to submit to the lawful authority of their husbands (1 Pet. 3:1ff). Before accepting a proposal of marriage, a woman must ask herself, “Sure I 'love' him, but do I respect him and can I submit to him?” (Eph. 5:33).

Women need to be fully employed at home, developing alternative economic strategies. Working outside the home while the children are still young, is destructive to the family, harmful to the children, subverts the husband's role and distorts the woman's (Prov. 31:10ff). Once the children are grown, other options can be considered.

Singles should normally live with their parents, saving money and preparing for marriage (Prov. 10:4). Young men should demonstrate that they are ready for the responsibilities of marriage by being debt-free and possessing considerable savings. Woman (and parents) should reject any potential suitor who is in debt. Fathers might want to consider a “bride price” for their daughters, which then becomes their dowry (cf. Gen. 29:20; 31:15-16).

Parents must leave an inheritance for their children to further economic dominion. There is no such concept as retirement in Biblical law, only a time when one's work no longer remains economically viable. Men continue to work until the Lord calls them home. Older men need to use their time sitting in judgment (Prov. 13:22). Children are your social security and retirement. Inheritance can be given before death to educate, start businesses, or help purchase a home.

The primary work of all husbands must be (1) their dominion calling (2) the discipline, training and nurturing of their families and only after these two requirements are met should they (3) minister outside the home (1 Tim. 3:4; 5:8). As children grow older (and parents grow wiser) they are then freed up for more ministry outside the home. Hospitality is the normal ministry for most families (cf. Rom. 12:13, Heb. 13:2, etc.).

Parents must not allow their family to be fractured by diverse interests, hobbies, entertainment, etc. Recreation especially ought to be family-oriented (Amos 3:3). If you cannot do it together, then maybe it's not worth doing. Family comes before individuals.

The church must not separate families; get rid of Sunday School, youth groups or other forms of religious baby-sitting (Josh. 18:1). Teach children to worship from a young age. Daily family worship trains children for Sabbath worship.

Families must get out of debt (Rom. 13:8).

Advanced academic education is an expensive luxury, not an inalienable right, especially for girls. Money invested in academics may be more profitably used in other places (dowry, down payment on a house, etc.). Formal education beyond normal schooling must be evaluated in terms of its economic advantages. Therefore a godly woman may well decide that the combined cost of an expensive academic education and four years of lost wages, outweighs the intangible benefits of a degree (Lk. 14:28).

Parents should give their children financial incentives to stay close to home and develop an interdependence that lasts beyond childhood. Children ought not normally to move away from their families (Prov. 27:8). This strengthens the ability of the family to meet social/welfare needs (1 Tim. 5:8).

Christians must use their free time profitably, reading, working, playing together. Home-based businesses are highly recommended (Eph. 5:16). Get rid of your TV and buy several computers instead.

Teenagers should not date; parents need carefully to chaperone male/female contacts. Parents have the responsibility to ensure that mates for their children share common doctrinal, ministry, calling, and life goals. Arranged marriages (with the consent of the children) are not archaic, but a wise way to ensure family stability (cf. Gen. 24:1-4).

Teenagers are young adults and should not see their teen years as time to be irresponsible. Teenagers are given too much time, too much money, and too much opportunity to sin. Young adults should focus their time in working diligently at their calling as early as possible (cf. Eph. 5:16).

Conclusion

Most of what passes for family “values” in this country is simply baptized secularism. Some people will agree with all the suggestions mentioned above. Some will disagree with all. The main point is to get Christians thinking Biblically about their families, and to ask themselves some hard questions about their core values. If we agree to start asking some hard questions, God may give us grace and answers.

Theology must take precedence over sociology. The way to change the culture is to apply a consistent, Biblical worldview in place of the ever-changing values of fractured American society. Covenant families, united in goal and purpose, are the basis for a reconstructed society. This may mean sacrifices, but the reward is dominion in the name of King Jesus.